Table 2 Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for incident cardiovascular disease according to categories of dairy consumption in UK Biobank

From: A global analysis of dairy consumption and incident cardiovascular disease

 

Dairy consumption

P trend

 

0 serving/d

≤0.5 serving/d

0.5–1.0 serving/d

>1 serving/d

N

33,803

34,858

54,276

60,509

 

CVD

 No of cases (%)

2448 (7.2)

2292 (6.6)

3497 (6.4)

3895 (6.4)

 

 Person-years

373,622.5

390,329.4

606,703.7

678,468.8

 

 Model 1a

1 [Reference]

0.87 (0.83–0.93)

0.86 (0.81–0.90)

0.84 (0.80–0.88)

<0.001

 Model 2b

1 [Reference]

0.93 (0.88–0.99)

0.91 (0.86–0.96)

0.90 (0.86–0.95)

<0.001

 Model 3c

1 [Reference]

0.95 (0.90–1.01)

0.92 (0.88–0.97)

0.92 (0.87–0.97)

<0.001

 Model 4d

1 [Reference]

0.96 (0.90–1.01)

0.93 (0.88–0.98)

0.93 (0.88–0.98)

0.004

CHD

 No of cases (%)

2042 (6.0)

1906 (5.5)

2912 (5.4)

3228 (5.3)

 

 Person-years

375,317.5

391,952.6

609,158.4

681,277.5

 

 Model 1a

1 [Reference]

0.87 (0.82–0.93)

0.86 (0.81–0.91)

0.84 (0.80–0.89)

<0.001

 Model 2b

1 [Reference]

0.94 (0.88–1.00)

0.92 (0.87–0.97)

0.91 (0.86–0.96)

<0.001

 Model 3c

1 [Reference]

0.96 (0.90–1.02)

0.93 (0.88–0.99)

0.92 (0.87–0.98)

0.005

 Model 4d

1 [Reference]

0.96 (0.90–1.02)

0.94 (0.89–0.99)

0.93 (0.88–0.99)

0.014

Stroke

 No of cases (%)

499 (1.5)

457 (1.3)

698 (1.3)

802 (1.3)

 

 Person-years

384,114.7

399,863.2

621,356.8

694,107.5

 

 Model 1a

1 [Reference]

0.84 (0.74–0.96)

0.82 (0.73–0.92)

0.83 (0.74–0.93)

0.003

 Model 2b

1 [Reference]

0.89 (0.78–1.01)

0.86 (0.77–0.97)

0.87 (0.78–0.98)

0.027

 Model 3c

1 [Reference]

0.90 (0.79–1.02)

0.87 (0.78–0.98)

0.89 (0.79–0.99)

0.051

 Model 4d

1 [Reference]

0.91 (0.80–1.03)

0.88 (0.78–0.99)

0.90 (0.80–1.01)

0.084

Hemorrhagic stroke

 No of cases (%)

81 (0.2)

73 (0.2)

106 (0.2)

138 (0.2)

 

 Person-years

385,796.5

401,501.5

623,807.9

696,931.7

 

 Model 1a

1 [Reference]

0.82 (0.60–1.13)

0.76 (0.57–1.02)

0.87 (0.66–1.14)

0.369

 Model 2b

1 [Reference]

0.85 (0.62–1.17)

0.79 (0.59–1.05)

0.89 (0.67–1.17)

0.464

 Model 3c

1 [Reference]

0.86 (0.62–1.18)

0.79 (0.59–1.06)

0.90 (0.68–1.19)

0.521

 Model 4d

1 [Reference]

0.86 (0.63–1.19)

0.80 (0.60–1.07)

0.91 (0.69–1.20)

0.555

Ischemic stroke

 No of cases (%)

338 (1.0)

307 (0.9)

472 (0.9)

512 (0.9)

 

 Person-years

384,882.6

400,535.3

622,373.4

695,336.2

 

 Model 1a

1 [Reference]

0.84 (0.72–0.98)

0.82 (0.71–0.94)

0.78 (0.68–0.89)

<0.001

 Model 2b

1 [Reference]

0.89 (0.77–1.04)

0.87 (0.75–1.00)

0.83 (0.72–0.95)

0.010

 Model 3c

1 [Reference]

0.91 (0.78–1.06)

0.88 (0.76–1.01)

0.85 (0.74–0.98)

0.023

 Model 4d

1 [Reference]

0.92 (0.78–1.07)

0.89 (0.77–1.02)

0.86 (0.75–0.99)

0.036

  1. Multi-variable Cox proportional hazard model was used. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  2. aModel 1 was adjusted for age (continues) and sex (male or female).
  3. bModel 2 was additionally adjusted for centers (22 categories), survey season (spring, summer, autumn, or winter), education (college or university degree, vocational qualifications, optional national exams at ages 17–18 years, national exams at age 16 years, others, or missing), household income (<£18,000, £18,000–£30,999, £31,000–£51,999, £52,000–£100,000, >£100,000, or missing), physical activity (MET-h/wk, quartiles), smoking (never, former, current, or missing), alcohol drinking (never or special occasions only, 1 or 2 times/week, 3 or 4 times/week, ≥5 times/week, or missing), family history of CVD (yes or no), aspirin use (yes or no), vitamins use (yes or no) and minerals use (yes or no).
  4. cModel 3 was further adjusted for body mass index (in kg/m2; <18.5, 18.5–25, 25–30), history of hypertension (yes or no), and diabetes (yes or no).
  5. dModel 4 was further adjusted for red meat, poultry (times/week; <2, 2–4, >4), processed red meat, oily fish, non-oily fish (times/week; <1, 1, ≥2), vegetables (servings/day; <1/, 1-3, ≥3), fruits (servings/day; <2, 2–4, ≥4), and eggs (yes or no).
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