Fig. 1: Global lactylome profiling of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.

a Experimental design. Adult C57BL/6 mice were subjected to sham, myocardial infarction (MI) or ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R) surgeries, respectively. Protein extracted from the infarct area was used for global proteome and lactylome profiling by 4D-LC-MS/MS. n = 3 biological replicates, each biological replicate was a pooled myocardial sample from 3 mice. b, c Density gradient diagram of the Log₂ ratios of Kla sites and proteins in MI and I/R groups of the lactylomes (b) and proteomes (c), respectively. Red and green represent MI and I/R groups, respectively. Red and green numbers (percentages) represent the numbers and percentages of up- or down-regulated Kla sites or proteins, respectively (cutoff |Log₂FC | >1). d Numbers of Kla sites and Kla proteins exhibiting significant Kla-level changes after MI and I/R (cutoff of |Log₂FC | >1.3). e Numbers of proteins or sites exhibiting significant expression changes after MI and I/R (cutoff of |Log₂FC | >1.3). f Heat map showing hierarchical clustering of differentially lactylated sites in Sham, MI and I/R mouse hearts. Three biological replicates are shown separately. g Gene ontology (GO) analyses of enriched biological processes in (f). Selected top categories are shown. Statistical significance was performed using the two-sided hypergeometric distribution test. h Heat map showing hierarchical clustering of differentially expressed proteins in Sham, MI and I/R mouse hearts. Three biological replicates are shown separately. i Gene ontology (GO) analyses of enriched biological processes in (h). Selected top categories are shown. Statistical significance was performed using the two-sided hypergeometric distribution test. j Protein-protein interaction network of lactylated proteins in I/R based on the STRING database. The size of the circles represents the number of interacting proteins. Red represents upregulation, green represents downregulation, and yellow represents both. k Venn diagram of differentially expressed or lactylated proteins in MI or I/R compared to Sham control.