Fig. 1: Validation of nano-island structure of Co SACs.

a Synthesis procedure of CoSA/Zn.O-ZnO. b TEM image of ZnO. TEM elemental mappings of ZnO with (c) Zn and (d) O. e SEM image of CoSA/Zn.O-ZnO. HAADF-STEM elemental mappings of CoSA/Zn.O-ZnO with (f) original, (g) Co, (h) Zn, and (i) O. j SEM image of small particles on the surface of CoSA/Zn.O-ZnO (inset: distribution of Co content in different locations of CoSA/Zn.O-ZnO catalyst). k HAADF-STEM image of CoSA/Zn.O-ZnO (Co SAs marked by red circles). l XRD pattern of ZnO and CoSA/Zn.O-ZnO (inset: enlarged view of (100), (002) and (101) crystal facets). m XANES spectra of CoSA/Zn.O-ZnO at the Co K-edge. n FT k3-weighted EXAFS spectra of CoSA/Zn.O-ZnO and references. WT-EXAFS for K-edge for (o) CoSA/Zn.O-ZnO, (p) Co foil, (q) CoO and (r) CoPc. Three configurations of (s) monomer ZnO, (t) Co replaced Zn and (u) Co replaced Zn, O. v Comparison of cell volume and magnetic moment of three configurations.