Fig. 5: Pilot-scale experiment and comprehensive toxicity evaluation of the Co_SA/Zn.O-ZnO/PMS system.

a Schematic diagram of continuous flow reactor. Photographs of (b) pure MCE membrane, (c) ZnO/MCE, and (d) Co_SA/Zn.O-ZnO/MCE membranes. Contact angles of (e) MCE membrane, (f) ZnO/MCE, and (g) Co_SA/Zn.O-ZnO/MCE membranes with water. h Photograph of continuous flow reactor. i Continuous removal of RhB in the ZnO/PMS and Co_SA/Zn.O-ZnO/PMS systems. j TOC removal efficiency of coking wastewater treated by continuous flow reactor (inset: Color change of coking wastewater). k Violin plots of wheat shoot length distribution in various systems. l Pilot-scale experiment diagram for treating 50 L of antibiotic wastewater (inset: Pilot-scale experiment diagram for treating 50 L of coking wastewater). m Comparison of the appearance and SEM images of the pristine sponge and the catalyst-loaded sponge (inset: enlarged view of catalyst morphology on sponge skeleton). n Cyclic degradation effect of treating 50 L of antibiotic wastewater. o TOC removal efficiency for treating 50 L of coking wastewater. p Photographs of E. coli colonies cultured with solution treated with different systems. q Growth of zebrafish cultured in the solution treated with ZnO/PMS and Co_SA/Zn.O-ZnO/PMS systems. u Analysis of possible degradation pathways of SMX in the Co_SA/Zn.O-ZnO/PMS system.