Fig. 2: Structural characterizations of different neighboring M-Nx moieties.

Aberration-corrected HAADF-STEM images of neighboring (a) Cu-Nx, (e) Co-Nx, (i) Ni-Nx, (m) Zn-Nx, and (q) Mn-Nx moieties. Enlarged HAADF-STEM images and corresponding 3D atom-overlapping Gaussian-function fitting maps of neighboring (b) Cu-Nx, (f) Co-Nx, (j) Ni-Nx, (n) Zn-Nx, and (r) Mn-Nx moieties. Distance distribution between neighboring (c) Cu-Nx, (g) Co-Nx, (k) Ni-Nx, (o) Zn-Nx, and (s) Mn-Nx moieties. Crystal structures of (d) Cu2O, (h) Co3O4, (l) NiO, (p) ZnO, and (t) MnO2.