Fig. 3: Phenotype of trigger factor mutants.

Characterization of Arabidopsis trigger factor mutants. a T-DNA insertion site within the tig1 gene at the 13th exon (line SALK037730) and within the first intron of tig2 (line SALK110999). b Immunoblot of cell lysate of Co-0, tig1, tig2, and tig1/2 lines (left panel) and of tig1/2 lines complemented with Tig2-GFP (right panel). c Rosette size of Arabidopsis wild Col-0 and mutant seedlings (14 DAG) on MS- agar plates. Scale bar indicates 10 mm. d Root length of Arabidopsis Col-0 and mutant lines on MS- agar plates, grown vertically for 7 days after germination. Root length of seedlings grown on MS+ plates and images of the roots are shown in Supplementary Fig. 7. c, d Mutant are compared with the respective wild type, which were grown on the same plate. Boxplots shows data of >25 individual plants for rosette measurement and >36 individual plants for root measurement, grown in three independent biological replicates, respectively. Median is shown as solid line, box indicates lower and upper quartile, and the whiskers represent the data points that fall within 1.5 times the interquartile range (IQR) from the lower and upper quartiles. Any data point outside this range is considered as outlier. All samples are normally distributed after Kolmogorov-Smirnov, significant changes are indicated by unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test p-values; “n.s.” not significant. e Top panel: False-color images of Fv/Fm chlorophyll fluorescence. Lower panel: maximum quantum yield of fluorescence (Fv/Fmax) representing photosynthetic activity of photosystem II. Fv/Fmax plots represent mean values of 3 biological replicates (with 5–10 technical replicates), error bars denote SD, two-sided Student’s t-test p-values are given. f Photosynthetic activity of complemented line. Column plots show mean value and SD of 3 biological replicates (with 5–10 technical replicates). Two-sided Student’s t-test p-values are given. g Images of young leaves of measured plants from (e). h Anthocyanin levels of young and mature leaves of 3-weeks cold-exposed plants. Mean values and SD of three biological replicates are plotted and two-sided Student’s t-test p-values are given.