Fig. 1: Distribution of land uses replacing peat swamp forests (PSFs) and mangroves across Southeast Asia by 2022.

a Distribution of new land use types on deforested PSFs. b Distribution of new land use types on deforested mangroves. Two map insets provide better visualization of land uses in former PSFs in c Peninsular Malaysia and eastern Sumatra, and d western Borneo. Additionally, map insets show land uses that have replaced mangroves in e Peninsular Malaysia and eastern Sumatra, and f eastern Borneo. For improved visualization and clarity, some land-use types have been enlarged tenfold. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.