Fig. 4: Relationship between an HIV-associated, agnostically defined cluster of plasma proteins and left atrial size among people living with and without HIV in the United States (n = 352).

a Mean difference in indexed left atrial volume (LAVi) per standard deviation (SD) increment in ‘Brown’ protein cluster plasma abundance among all participants, among strata of participants living with and without HIV, and among strata of participants above and below median age in SMASH (55 years), estimated using linear regression with robust variance adjusting for sociodemographics, substance use, cardiovascular risk factors, hepatitis C virus infection, and renal function. Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. b Enriched biological processes among 42 proteins comprising the ‘Brown’ protein cluster, estimated using a two-sided Fisher’s exact test, Gene Ontology: Biological Processes annotations, and a threshold for significance of Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05. Protein ratio=proportion of total ‘Brown’ cluster proteins (n = 42) that map to the given annotation. Proteins mapping to each annotation can be found in Supplementary Table S6. c Interaction network of 42 proteins comprising the ‘Brown’ protein cluster generated using STRING, a public database of known and predicted protein-protein interactions. Interactions include direct (physical) and indirect (functional) associations derived from computational prediction, knowledge transfer between organisms, and interactions aggregated from other databases. Line thickness indicates the strength of data support. Szklarczyk D, et al. The STRING database in 2023: protein-protein association networks and functional enrichment analyses for any sequenced genome of interest. Nucleic Acids Res. 2023;51(D1):D638-64.