Fig. 5: Epigenetic changes in lung ILC2s of asthmatic mothers’ offspring overlap from embryonic to adult stages.

a Experimental design for scATAC-seq. ILC2s, immune cells, and epithelial cells were sorted from fetal lungs of asthmatic or control mothers, and ILC2s, immune cells, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts were sorted from adult offspring lungs of asthmatic or control mothers. b UMAP visualization of scATAC-seq data from all samples. c Number of differentially accessible peaks and overlapping regions in lung ILC2s of fetal and adult offspring of asthmatic mothers (pct > 0.05, log2FC < 0.1, p < 0.5). Differentially accessible peaks between OVA and PBS were identified using the FindMarkers function from the Signac package with logistic regression (LR) as the statistical test. The Mann-Whitney U test (two-sided) was used for significance testing, and Benjamini-Hochberg correction was applied for multiple comparisons. d Enrichment analysis of genes associated with overlapping regions that were more open in lung ILC2s of fetal and adult offspring from asthmatic mothers (top 10 positions shown). Gene set enrichment analysis was performed using Metascape. Statistical significance was determined using the Fisher’s exact test (two-sided), and Benjamini-Hochberg correction was applied for multiple comparisons. e Simplified diagram showing intracellular signaling of ILC2s. f scATAC-seq and ChIP-seq results in lung ILC2s of offspring from asthmatic or control mothers in the Gata3 locus. g GATA3 expression levels in lung ILC2s of Nr3c1^fl/fl Il7r^+/+ mice and Nr3c1^fl/fl Il7r^cre/+ mice, shown as MFI bar graphs and histograms. In (a–f), data were derived from one experiment with one pregnant dam per group. In (g), data were from one experiment, with each dot representing an individual mouse. Sample sizes were as follows: g Nr3c1^fl/fl Il7r^+/+: n = 5, Nr3c1^fl/fl Il7r^cre/+: n = 5. In (g), data are presented as the mean ± SEM. **p < 0.01 [unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test in (g)].