Fig. 3: Metabolic modeling analysis for the inter-species interactions.

A In silico simulation strategy for individual model and community-based metabolic network integration. B Selected exchange fluxes are predicted across individual flux balance analysis. P. gergoviae (orange, P), V. alginolyticus (blue, V), A. hydrophila (purple, A), and S. putrefaciens (green, S). Metabolic differences across species are focused on lignin derivates, organic acids, amino acids and alcohols. C Simulated growth performances. Upper: the simulated total biomass for the seven multi-species combinations based on pFBA. Lower: the simulated biomass of the four-species combination (PVAS) across time, by dFBA. Two sub-population ratios (100:100 (left Y axis) and 100:1 (right Y axis)) are used for dFBA simulation. D Predicted exchange fluxes from the four-species combination. EM1, EM2, EM3 and EM4 represent the exchange metabolites provided to P. gergoviae, V. alginolyticus, A. hydrophila and S. putrefaciens, respectively. The simulations (A–C) are carried in 1% lignin-MB mineral medium. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.