Fig. 4: Influences of refining products on environmental impacts in circular refining.
From: Life cycle comparison of industrial-scale lithium-ion battery recycling and mining supply chains
a Energy consumption, b CO2-eq emissions, and c water consumption. Left and right panels denote conventional (Conv. Mined) and industrial circular pathways that refine end-of-life batteries to discrete Ni and Co salts, or mixed Ni–Co salts. Note that Al is presented on the top of the stacked bars of conventional supply chains but its contributions are too small to be seen (detailed values in Supplementary Table 3). Numbers in parentheses labeled on the top of stacked bars denote the refinement methods summarized in Fig. 2.
