Fig. 5: The change in revealed comparative advantage (RCA) for six groups of SDG indicators across window groups ranked by SDG scores in 2022.

Panels a–c, show the condition for three groups of environment-related indicators, categorized by the goal sustainability index (GSI). a Group 1, GSI > 0.5; b Group 2, −1.0 ≤ GSI ≤ 0.5; c Group 3, GSI < −1.0. Panels d–f, display the conditions for three groups of non-environment-related indicators. d Group 4, GSI > 0.5; e Group 5, −1.0 ≤ GSI ≤ 0.5; f Group 6, GSI < −1.0. Note: the window size was determined by grouping 50 countries at a time, resulting in 117 window groups (i.e., countries 1–50, 2–51, …, 117–166).