Fig. 6: The SDG space of four-stage country groups in 2022.

Countries are evenly divided into four stages according to their SDG scores: Panel a, Stage 1 (least developed overall) = Primary stage. Panel b, Stage 2 = Low medium stage. Panel c, Stage 3 = High medium stage. Panel d, Stage 4 (most developed overall) = Advanced stage. Panel e, The changes in RCA between stages. In panels a–d, the blue nodes represent the top 20 SDG indicators in values of revealed comparative advantage (RCA), implying comparative advantages (see Methods), and the red nodes represent the bottom 20 SDG indicators in values of RCA, implying comparative disadvantages. The node size represents the absolute value of RCA in each country group. When designing sustainable development strategies, countries can set the number of highlight indicators in the SDG space according to their needs (e.g., Top 10, 20, 30 indicators, etc.). In e, the node size represents the absolute value of RCA change for each country group.