Fig. 2: Incidence rate and adjusted hazard ratio for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease according to genetic risk, lifestyle, and stratified blood pressure or glucose groups in women.

a Risk of incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) of parous women with normal blood pressure. b Risk of incident ASCVD of parous women with elevated blood pressure. c Risk of incident ASCVD of parous women with normal glucose levels. d Risk of incident ASCVD of parous women with high glucose levels. The normal blood pressure group was defined as systolic blood pressure (sBP) of < 120 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (dBP) of < 80 mmHg, while the elevated blood pressure group was defined as an sBP ≥ 120 mmHg or a dBP ≥ 80 mmHg. The normal glucose level was < 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) and the high glucose level was defined as ≥ 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L). For (a–d), the polygenic risk score for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) has been derived from the FinnGen Consortium. The high genetic risk group was defined as individuals in the top 20% of the polygenic risk score distribution, while the low genetic risk group was defined as those in the bottom 20%. No. Events indicate the number of ASCVD incidents that occurred in the UK Biobank. In the bar charts, bars represent ASCVD incidence rates per 1000 women-year, with vertical lines indicating 95% confidence intervals (CIs). In the forest plots, boxes represent the adjusted hazard ratio, with horizontal lines around the boxes indicating 95% CIs. The hazard ratios were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for history of HDP, age, genotype array, and first ten principal components of ancestry. P-values were determined using a Wald test. P-values for interaction were derived from the multiplicative interaction analysis between genetic risk and lifestyle groups. All P-values were derived from two-sided tests. Exact statistical values are provided as a Source Data file. HDP hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, PRS polygenic risk score, ASCVD atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, sBP systolic blood pressure, dBP diastolic blood pressure.