Fig. 1: Whole genome sample scheme and population structure of thorny skates.

Panel (A): sampling locations, from left to right: Gulf of Maine (GoM); Newfoundland, Canada (CAN); Southwest Greenland (SW-G); Southeast Greenland (SE-G); East Greenland (E-GR); Western Iceland (W-IC); Eastern Iceland (E-IC); Northern Norway (N-NW); Western Norway (W-NW) and Southern Norway (S-NW). Range distribution of the thorny skate is filled in shaded blue (obtained from31). The sequential coloured areas represent the scaled density of the range expansion origin inferred using the TDOA algorithm computed 100 times. The map was made using R v4.4.087. Panel (B): Principal Component Analysis (PCA) using all individuals. Panel (C): Heatmap of pairwise FST values between sampling locations with N ≥ 5 (upper left) and associated significance evaluated using 1000 permutations for each pairwise comparison (lower right).