Fig. 4: Photovoltaic performance, charge generation, transport, combination loss analysis, and film ductility.

a J-V characteristics. b EQE spectra. c Performance summary. d Jph-Veff curves. e Photo-CELIV measurement. f Carrier lifetimes verus carrier densities curves. g the trap density measurements by Mott–Schottky method. h Detailed energy loss items. i The indentation depth verus applied force curves.