Fig. 3: Zinc stripping/plating reversibility and separator biodegradability evaluation.

DRT profiles of Zn||Zn cells during the GCD process at the 4th cycle: a with V-NFC-CS separator and b with NFC-CS separator. c XRD patterns of the pristine Zn electrode and Zn electrodes after the measurements in Fig. 2h. d, e SEM images and f, g AFM images of the Zn electrodes after the measurements in Fig. 2h: d, f with V-NFC-CS separator and e, g with NFC-CS separator. h Photos of V-NFC-CS and GF separators after being embedded into soil for different time.