Fig. 3: Energy-storage capability of high-entropy sample A, measured using bulk ceramics with a thickness of about 50 μm and electrodes with an area of about 0.8 mm2.

a Unipolar P − E loops measured under different E. b Energy density and efficiency with respect to the applied E. The inset indicates the cross-sectional image of a bulk ceramic used for performance measurements. c Comparison of total electrical resistivity at around 500 ~ 550 °C and the Weibull distribution of the EB for sample A. Comparison of d EB and Wrec, e Wrec and η for lead-free bulk ceramics. f Comparison of Wrec values for sample A with high-entropy engineered energy-storage bulk ceramics. Details about the properties and relevant references of the data points in the figures c-f can be found in Supplementary Tables 9–11.