Fig. 3: Compiled global and regional palaeoclimatic indicators of the past 11 Myr.
From: Enhanced phosphorus weathering contributed to Late Miocene cooling
a Global mean surface temperatures (GMST) estimated from benthic δ18O data based on complied from ocean drilling core sites94. b Sea Surface Temperature (SST) compilation over the past 11 Myr1. c Phosphorus accumulation rate (μmol cm−2 kyr−1) in the equatorial Pacific Ocean36,37. d P/Al ratio in crust MID03 (this study). e Ge/Si ratio in opaline silca from diatoms75. f Soil carbonate δ13C from northern Pakistan95; vertical blue bars show the standard view of the presence and extent of full-scale/permanent ice sheets (solid bars) and those thought to have been partial/ephemeral (broken bars). The timing of C4 plant expansion is indicated at the base14.
