Fig. 4: Association of vessel abundance with sex and age on 11,784 participants.

We include four indices, skeleton length of pulmonary artery (SLPA), skeleton length of pulmonary vein (SLPV), branch count of pulmonary artery (BCPA), and branch count of pulmonary vein (BCPV) to represent the blood vessel abundance, and used the lung volume as the controlling. a Boxplot of the distribution of four indices between males and females (n = 11,784). The box plot displays data distribution where the box bounds (Q1 and Q3) represent the 25th and 75th percentiles, and the center line indicates the median (50th percentile). The whiskers extend to the minima and maxima, defined as the smallest and largest values within 1.5 times the interquartile range. Two-sided Wilcoxon Signed Ranked tests are done between males and females. P-values are specified as ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001, NS, not significant. b Pulmonary vessel abundance across different ages. Error bars show the standard error of mean (SEM) (n = 11,784). c Association and linear regression of vessel abundance compartments with lung volume. d Numbers of confirmed disease states for the involved participants. “PAH” = pulmonary artery hypertension, “COPD” = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. e, f Association between vessel abundance. ((e) for skeleton length and (f) for branch counts) compartments with disease states. Values of the regression coefficients are indicated by colors. The P-values are derived from multiple linear regression analysis, indicating the statistical significance of each independent variable. P values are specified for each item. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.