Fig. 4: The biological effects of L^PB-3 vesicles.

a Uptake of Cy5.5@vesicles by PANC-1 cells. b Sialic acid targeting mechanism of L^PB-3 vesicles. c Images and d normalized statistics of cell uptake of Cy5.5@vesicles.Cy5.5@vesicles uptake in PANC-1 cells without neuraminidase (G1) and with neuraminidase (G2), G3: cellular uptake of N-acetylneuraminic acid-treated Cy5.5@vesicles (n = 3 independent experiments). e Intracellular GSH and f ROS levels in PANC-1 cells after 24 h incubation with various concentrations of L^PB-3 vesicles (n = 3 independent experiments). g Statistical analysis for JC-1 green fluorescence (n = 3 independent experiments). h Representative microscopic images showing co-localization of Cy5.5@vesicles (red) and LysoTracker (green) in PANC-1 cells. i, j Analysis of the co-localization between Cy5.5@vesicles and LysoTracker performed using Leica Colocalization Viewer Software. A Pearson coefficient value greater than 0.5 indicates co-localization between the two signals. Scale bar is 50 µm in (a, c, h). Data are displayed as mean ± SD of n > 10 independent measurements in (d–g). Each experiment was repeated 3 times independently with similar results in (a, c, h). P values in (d–g) were determined by One-way ANOVA analysis followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. ****p < 0.0001.