Fig. 8: Fu-Hp-associated of gene signatures are associated with prognosis of SP.

a Bar plot of the proportion of cell types in scRNA-seq data of HCs and SPs, separated by two HC samples and two SP samples. HC, Healthy control; S-SP, Surviving patients; NS-SP, Non-surviving patients. b The UMAP plot illustrating the alterations in cell proportions between SP and HC. c, Bar plot of the proportion of indicated cell types shown in a and b, separated by groups. HC, Healthy control; SP, Sepsis patients; MLC-NS, Macrophage-like cell population from non-surviving patient; MLC-S, Macrophage-like cell population from surviving patient. d The violin plot depicting expression levels of indicated genes in MLC-S and MLC-NS (log₂(fold change) > 0.5). P values were calculated by the FindMarkers function in Seurat 5.0.1 package using the default two-sided Wilcoxon Rank Sum test (****p < 0.0001). ns, not significant; MLC-NS, Macrophage-like cell population from non-surviving patient; MLC-S, Macrophage-like cell population from surviving patient. e Unsupervised UMAP analysis on PBMCs pooled from 2 HC and 10 SP (6 surviving patients and 4 deceased patients) in public sepsis cohort (GSE167363). Cell populations were mapped onto the UMAP landscape to visualize the distribution of cells across clusters. f Bar plot of the proportion of indicated cell types shown in e, separated by samples. HC, Healthy control; S, Surviving patients; NS, Non-surviving patients. g Bar plot depicting of the cell count of cluster 3 shown in f, separated by patient groups. S-SP, Surviving sepsis patients; NS-SP, Non-surviving sepsis patients (n = 6 for S; n = 4 for NS). Statistical significance was calculated with a two-tailed unpaired t-test with Mann-Whitney test and presented as means ± SD (*p < 0.05). h Volcano plot depicting DEGs between cluster 3 and other clusters in GSE167363. Gene signatures were labeled (adjusted p values < 0.04^-301). P values were calculated by the FindMarkers function in Seurat 5.0.1 package using the default two-tailed Wilcoxon Rank Sum test. i,j Box-and-whisker plot illustrating the expression of the indicated genes in Seoul cohort (n = 12 for HC; n = 19 for S; n = 5 for NS). The lower and upper hinges of the box represent the 25th and 75th percentiles, and the whiskers extend to the minimum and maximum values within 1.5 times the interquartile range. The median value is depicted by the line within the box. Statistical significance was calculated with a two-tailed t-test without adjustment (**p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001). ns, not significant; HC, Healthy control; S, Surviving patients; NS, Non-surviving patients. k Correlation between the expression of the AAL level (x-axis) and the expression of either the relative expression of indicated genes (IL1B and IL6) (y-axis) with the best linear fit plotted in our cohort (n = 23 for HC; n = 24 for S; n = 12 for NS). Pearson’s correlation coefficient and the p value are displayed in the bottom-right corner. The shaded area represents the 95 % confidence interval. P values were calculated using a t-distribution with [n-2] degrees of freedom. HC, Healthy control; S, Surviving patients; NS, Non-surviving patients. l Correlation between the expression of the AAL level (x-axis) and the level of lactate-1 (y-axis) with the best linear fit plotted in our cohort (n = 84 for S; n = 33 for NS). Pearson’s correlation coefficient and the p value are displayed in the top-right corner. The shaded area represents the 95 % confidence interval. P values were calculated using a t-distribution with [n-2] degrees of freedom. S, Surviving patients; NS, Non-surviving patients.