Fig. 1: Observed temporal changes in the indices after two Volcanic Eruptions (VEs).
From: Volcanically forced Madden–Julian oscillation triggers the immediate onset of El Niño
Averaged monthly time series of anomalous (A) Maritime Continent (MC) moisture, (B) Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) activity, and (C) westerly wind bursts (WWB) frequency indices (left y-axis) along with the Niño 3.4 index (red line, right y-axis) after two VEs: El Chichón (solid line) and Mt. Pinatubo (dashed line). Month 0 indicates the pre-eruption month, and the dashed vertical lines indicate 3 and 7 months after the eruption. A nine-point smoothing is applied to the time series.
