Fig. 4: Longitude-time evolution of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and moisture budget terms.
From: Volcanically forced Madden–Julian oscillation triggers the immediate onset of El Niño
A, B The lag composites of MJO-filtered Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) (W m−2, shading) and U850 (m s−1, contour interval 0.5, starting at 0.3) averaged over the tropics (10˚S–10˚N) for the 3–7 months after the volcanic eruption (VE) and nonVE events. Gray solid lines indicate a lag of 0 days and 120˚E. C Decomposed terms of horizontal moisture advection averaged east of the Maritime Continent (MC) (100˚E–160˚E, 20˚S–15˚N, indicated by the box in Supplementary Fig. 4) and over – 2 to 2 days during the VE (dark blue) and nonVE (light blue) events. Units are 10−6 kg m−2 s−1. The orange whiskers represent the spread of ensemble members, outlining ± 1.0 standard deviation for each term.
