Fig. 3: Sonodynamic property of MP/aUCP1 nanosystems.

FCM analysis of ROS levels (a) in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes and corresponding fluorescence intensity (b) after various treatments. Data are given as means ± SD (n = 3 biologically independent samples). For the gating strategy, seen in the Supplementary Fig. 2b. c CLSM observation of mature adipocytes stained with DCFH-DA and after different treatments (Scale bar: 10 µm). d Viability of mature adipocytes post coculture with different concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, and 50 µg mL⁻¹) of MP/aUCP1 nanosystems for 24 h. Data are presented as means ± SD (n = 5 biologically independent samples). e Mature adipocytes viability treated with MP/aUCP1 (50 µg mL⁻¹) plus various power densities (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, and 1.5 W cm⁻²) of US irradiation. Data are presented as means ± SD (n = 5 biologically independent samples). f Flow cytometric apoptosis analysis of mature adipocytes in different groups. For the gating strategy, seen in the Supplementary Fig. 2f. g Cellular triglyceride concentrations post different treatments. Data are presented as means ± SD (n = 3 biologically independent samples). I: control, II: US irradiation, III: aUCP1, IV: MP/aUCP1, V: MP + US irradiation, VI: MP/aUCP1 + US irradiation. The experiments for c and f were repeated three times independently with similar results. Statistical differences for b, d, e, and g were calculated using two-tailed unpaired student’s t-test. n.s., not significant, *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, and ****P < 0.0001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.