Fig. 1: Comparison of aberration models.

a Aberration model for guide-star-free adaptive optics. The region to be imaged is denoted as the target. This model simplifies the interactions of incident (gray), reflected (green), and transmitted (blue) light with the surrounding regions using the point spread functions (PSFs) of aberrating media above and below the target. b Conventional models assume that the target is confined to a specific plane, so that the scattered light from the target has a full-range tilt-tilt correlation. c In contrast, our model treats the target as a 3D object, resulting in a limited range of tilt-tilt correlation, known as the angular memory effect. Created with BioRender.com66.