Fig. 2: Electrochemical behavior of I2 electrode in ASS batteries based on different electrolytes.

a Direct charging voltage profiles of LYB, LIC6, and LIC7.2 as electrode materials. The specific capacity is calculated based on the mass of LYB, LIC6, or LIC7.2. b Direct charging voltage profiles of the I2/LYB, I2/LIC6, I2/LIC6.6, I2/LIC7.2, and I2/LIC7.8 electrode. The specific capacities based on the I2 mass and the total mass of I2 and catholyte are displayed in bottom and top x-axis, respectively. c Nyquist plots of the prepared LIC6, LIC6.6, LIC7.2, and LIC7.8. d Raman spectra of the commercial ICl compound, pristine/charged I2/LYB and I2/LIC7.2 electrodes. e I 3d XPS spectra of the pristine and charged I2/LIC7.2 electrode. f Two-dimensional charge densities distribution of *IBr in I2/LYB and *ICl in I2/LIC7.2. g Cohesive energies of the *IBr in I2/LYB and *ICl in I2/LIC7.2 obtained from DFT calculations. h Schematic of the interface-mediated heterogeneous oxidation mechanism facilitated by the substantial nanointerface between I2 and LIC7.2 during the charging process of I2/LIC7.2 electrode.