Fig. 1: Systemic antibiotic treatment associated with fewer distinct bacterial features in brain following intracortical microelectrode implantation. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: Systemic antibiotic treatment associated with fewer distinct bacterial features in brain following intracortical microelectrode implantation.

From: Bacteria invade the brain following intracortical microelectrode implantation, inducing gut-brain axis disruption and contributing to reduced microelectrode performance

Fig. 1

Biological replicate sample sizes: unimplanted control brain (n = 5), unimplanted antibiotic brain (n = 5), acute implanted control brain (n = 6), acute implanted antibiotic brain (n = 5), chronic implanted control brain (n = 7), chronic implanted antibiotic brain (n = 6), baseline fecal (n = 38), antibiotic fecal (n = 55). A Schematic of relationship between technical contaminants and sample-derived bacterial sequences in microbiome studies. B Scatterplots, Locally Estimated Scatterplot Smoothing (LOESS) regressions, and Spearman correlations of total read count versus relative abundance of contaminating host gDNA, contaminating microbial DNA, and sample-derived 16S amplicons for brain tissues and fecal samples. LOESS curve shading indicates 95% confidence for local weighted least-squares fit, and Spearman correlation p-values are 2-sided. C Boxplots with raw data points for the ratio of 16S amplicon reads to contaminant reads for untreated control and antibiotic-treated brain tissues versus untreated baseline and antibiotic-treated fecal samples. Whisker length is 1.5x the interquartile region, lower box boundary the 1st quartile, center line the median, and upper box boundary the 3rd quartile. Pairwise comparisons were made using a 2-sided Dunn test and Benjamini-Hochberg correction for multiple comparisons. D Total genera observed in background, acute and chronic brains, or fecal samples. E Violin plots over raw data points of mean relative abundance in rarified implanted brain samples of bacterial features shared by background samples or which were implantation-associated, subdivided by whether sequences were also observed in the fecal samples or of unknown anatomical origin. 500 rarefactions performed and pairwise comparisons made using 2-sided Tukey’s Honest Significant Differences with adjustment for multiple comparisons. Created in BioRender. Capadona, J. (2025) https://BioRender.com/g57h879.

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