Fig. 3: Selective PEC detection of MTX.

Selectivity evaluation of MTX on a TiO2/Gel, b Zn1-TiO2/Gel, c Fe1-TiO2/Gel, and d Fe1-Zn1-TiO2/Gel photoelectrodes (n = 3, detection of the interfering substances was repeated three times on each electrode. The bar represents the mean of n = 3 independent experiments, the error bar represents the standard deviation, the dots represent independent experimental results); e FTIR spectra and f Raman spectra of MTX, TiO2, MTX/TiO2, MTX/Zn1-TiO2, MTX/Fe1-TiO2, and MTX/Fe1-Zn1-TiO2; g femtosecond transient absorption spectra of Fe1-Zn1-TiO2 and MTX/Fe1-Zn1-TiO2; h high-resolution XPS spectra of Fe 2p and Zn 2p of MTX/Fe1-Zn1-TiO2 before and after illumination; DFT calculation of adsorption energy of i MTX/Fe1-TiO2, j MTX/Zn1-TiO2, and k MTX/Fe1-Zn1-TiO2; l DFT calculation of local charge density difference of MTX/Fe1-Zn1-TiO2, yellow part represents local electron accumulation region and cyan part represents local electron depletion region.