Fig. 4: Rat wound healing experiment to assess the interaction between microstructures and tissue.

a Schematic diagram of the experimental design. Created in BioRender. Ji, J. (2025) https://BioRender.com/v94a954. Photos (b) and statistical data (c) of wound area (n = 3 rats per group). d Photos of H&E staining on wound cross-sections (left) and the enlarged image (right). Collagen density (e) and immune cell density (f) counts in H&E staining images (Five measurements of collagen density and immune cell density were taken for 5 different fields of view from 3 rats per group). g Images of CD31 staining (green), αSMA staining (red) and DAPI (blue) on wound cross-sections (left) and the enlarged image (right). Vessel density (h) and vessel area (i) counts in the immunofluorescence staining images (Five measurements of vessel density and twelve measurements of vessels area were taken for 5 different fields of view of 3 rats per group). j Images of CD206 staining (green), CD68 staining (red) and DAPI (blue) on wound cross-sections (left) and the enlarged image (right) (n = 3 rats per group). k CD206-positive cells density in the immunofluorescence staining images (n = 3 rats per group). Relative expression of genes about tissue regeneration (l) and angiogenesis (m). (n = 3 rats per group). n Schematic diagram of the tissue-sample interface. The black dashed line indicates the interface position. Created in BioRender. Ji, J. (2025) https://BioRender.com/a99k506. o Laser confocal scanning images of collagen staining in tissue contacting different surfaces. Green: Collagen I (Col I). p Statistics of collagen fiber orientation in tissue contacting different surfaces. The data were representative of three independent experiments and expressed as the mean ± SD. Significance determined by unpaired two-tailed t-test (c, e, f, h, i, k) and p > 0.05 was considered as not significant.