Fig. 3: Observed differences in the local Indian Ocean ocean–atmosphere feedback between the positive and negative Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO).

a–d Regression maps of the interannual January–March (JFM) (a) sea surface temperature (°C), (b) precipitation (mm day-1), (c) sea level pressure (shading; hPa) and 925-hPa wind (vectors; m s−1), (d) sea surface height (m) anomalies onto the un-normalized Ningaloo Niño/Niña index (NNI) in the positive phase of the AMO during 1999–2018. e–h As in (a–d), but in the negative phase of the AMO during 1960–1998. i–l Differences of the regression patterns between the positive and negative AMO. The dotted shading denotes regressions that are statistically significant at the 95% confidence level.