Fig. 1: Immobilization effect of triazole additives in precursor solutions.

a Molecular structures and calculated ESP profile of triazole additives. b 1H NMR spectra of triazole additives, FAI, triazole additives mixed with FAI, and triazole additives mixed with PbI2. c 1H NMR spectra of FAI and PbI2, and triazole additives mixed with FAI and PbI2. d DLS analysis of perovskite precursor solutions with triazole additives. e Proposed mechanism illustrating the effects of triazole additives on perovskite colloids.