Fig. 3: Transient colloidal crystals formed by multimode electric potentials.
From: Transient colloidal crystals fueled by electrochemical reaction products
a–d Time lapsed images showing the collective response of colloids to multimode electric potentials consisting of a 2 V, 400 Hz oscillatory potential with various steady potentials (\(\varDelta {\varPhi }_{{DC}}\)). The potential was applied at t = 5 s and held constant throughout the experiment. Letters in each image indicate the assembly state at that time, I = initial state, S = separated state, H = hexagonal state. e Average interparticle separation of an ensemble of colloids normalized to the initial particle separation (<S > / < S > 0) as a function of time for the multimode potentials used in (a–d). f Total time separated (tsep) and (g) maximum average interparticle separation (<S>max/<S > 0) of colloids (defined in (e) for \(\varDelta {\varPhi }_{{DC}}=-75{mV}\)) as a function of steady potential. The data points in (f) and (g) represent the mean of three experiments while the error bars are ±1 standard deviation of the mean. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
