Fig. 4: Desalination performance.

Water flux (a) and single salt rejection (b) of the NCC-6 membrane and the NRC-6 membrane. The experimental conditions are as follows: an effective membrane area of 3 cm2, a 1000 ppm salt feed solution, a crossflow velocity of 50 L h−1, and a constant pressure of 10 bar. c Water permeance, A and NaCl permeability coefficient, B of the NCC-6, NCC-12, and NCC-18 membranes. d The water/NaCl selectivity of the NCC-6, NCC-12, and NCC-18 membranes. e The comparison of water permeance and water/NaCl selectivity with the literature reported reverse osmosis polymer membranes. f Water flux and salt rejection of 1000 ppm NaCl solution at 10-bar and 168-h desalination. Error bars represent the standard deviation from three duplicate experiments.