Fig. 8: The underlying mechanisms of osteogenesis and tenogenesis induced by the microrobots analyzed by multiplex immunofluorescence.

A Multiplex immunofluorescence of osteogenic markers in regenerated TBI tissue at postoperative weeks 4 and 8: BMP-2 (red) and OCN (green). The cells were costained with DAPI (blue) to visualize the nuclei. Upper panel: merged images; lower panel: split images. B Quantitative analyses of BMP-2-positive cells in the TBI region at postoperative week 4. C Quantitative analyses of OCN-positive cells in the TBI region at week 4. D Proportion of BMP-2-positive cells at postoperative week 8. E Proportion of OCN-positive cells at postoperative week 8. F Multiplex immunofluorescence of the regenerated tendon for COL-I (green), COL-III (red), and TNC (yellow). The cells were costained with DAPI (blue) to visualize the nuclei. Upper panel: merged images; lower panel: split images for COL-I and COL-III. G Quantitative analyses of the COL-I mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) at postoperative week 4. H Quantitative analyses of the COL-III MFI at postoperative week 4. I MFI of COL-I at postoperative week 8. J MFI of COL-III at postoperative week 8. a. u., arbitrary units. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 4 biologically independent samples, one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test and adjustment applied). Source data are listed in the Source Data file.