Fig. 9: Immunomodulatory effects of microrobots during TBI healing.
From: Janus hydrogel microrobots with bioactive ions for the regeneration of tendon-bone interface
A DCFH-DA staining of intracellular ROS in LPS-stimulated macrophages. B Semiquantitative analysis of the MFI of ROS. C iNOS, CD86, and CD206 immunofluorescence staining (red) of LPS-stimulated macrophages. The cells were costained with DAPI (blue) to visualize the nuclei. D–F Semiquantitative analysis of the MFI of iNOS, CD86, and CD206. a.u., arbitrary units. G The relative mRNA expression of TNF-α, CD86, and CD206 in LPS-stimulated macrophages. H Schematic illustration of the immunomodulatory effect of microrobots. Microrobots inhibited M1 polarization and promoted M2 polarization of macrophages through the synergistic ROS-scavenging effect of Mg2+ and Zn2+. I In vivo, CD86 (red) and CD206 (green) immunofluorescence staining of the rat regenerated TBI after 4 weeks of RCT reconstruction surgery. Upper panel: merged images; lower panel: split images. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3 biologically independent samples, one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test and adjustment applied). H created in BioRender. Ding, Z. (2025) https://BioRender.com/p69t917. Source data are listed in the Source Data file.
