Fig. 2: Physical and photophysical characterization of AIEgen.

a The molecular chemical structure of INX-1 (INX-I−) and INX-2 (INX-PF6−). b The absorption spectra of INX-1 and INX-2 in H2O/DMSO (99% H2O) solution. c The PL spectra of INX-1 and INX-2 in H2O/DMSO (99% H2O) solution. d Temperature difference (ΔT) of various concentrations of INX-2 under laser irradiation (660 nm, 0.45 W cm−2, 5 min) over time. e The temperature profile of INX-2 reached a stabilized temperature under laser irradiation (660 nm, 0.45 W cm−2, 5 min), followed by laser deactivation for cooling (black line). Linear temporal data versus the negative natural logarithm of the attained temperature during the cooling phase (red line) were plotted. f Photoacoustic (PA) spectra of INX-2. g Calculated INX-2 molecular geometry, highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), and energy levels. h Schematic depiction of the intersystem crossing (ISC) transition of INX-2. For (b–h), experiment was repeated three times independently with similar results. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.