Fig. 4: Highly selective active species recognition under activation by different asymmetric oxidants.

a Degradation of SMX in the presence of various scavengers in the CoSAs-ZnO/PMS and CoSAs-ZnO/PAA reaction systems. b DMPO spin-trapping ESR spectra for DMPO-SO4•− in the CoSAs-ZnO/PMS system. c TEMP-based ESR spectra for 1O2 in the CoSAs-ZnO/PAA system. d Steady-state concentrations of active species in different reaction systems. e The proportion of active species in the CoSAs-ZnO/PMS and CoSAs-ZnO/PAA system. f Cyclic voltammetric curves of ZnO and CoSAs-ZnO electrodes (inset: LSV curves of ZnO and CoSAs-ZnO electrodes). g EIS spectra of ZnO and CoSAs-ZnO. h Amperometric i-t curve measurements upon the addition of PMS, PAA and SMX using ZnO and CoSAs-ZnO as the working electrode. i In-situ Raman spectra of different reaction systems. j Effect of pre-mixing time on SMX removal in the CoSAs-ZnO/PMS and CoSAs-ZnO/PAA reaction systems. The error bars represent the standard deviation of three replicate tests. k The proposed reaction mechanisms in the CoSAs-ZnO/PMS and CoSAs-ZnO/PAA systems.