Fig. 1: Workflow of the proposed metamaterial scaffold. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: Workflow of the proposed metamaterial scaffold.

From: A metamaterial scaffold beyond modulus limits: enhanced osteogenesis and angiogenesis of critical bone defects

Fig. 1

a Structural design of a two-stage metamaterial scaffold (TMS) for critical bone defects. b Electron-beam 3D printing technique fabricates the proposed metallic TMS and classic scaffold (CS) design. c Mechanical tests demonstrate the two-stage modulus of TMS. d Afterwards, scaffolds are in vivo implanted in rabbits’ critical ulnar defects, and TMS illustrates activation of mechano-biosensors. The upregulation of calcium ion channels and HIF-1α facilitate osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Part of Fig. 1d was created in BioRender. Qin, Y. (2025) https://BioRender.com/a20k104.

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