Fig. 2: Design and mechanical behaviors of TMS and CS. | Nature Communications

Fig. 2: Design and mechanical behaviors of TMS and CS.

From: A metamaterial scaffold beyond modulus limits: enhanced osteogenesis and angiogenesis of critical bone defects

Fig. 2

a Design parameters of TMS and CS. b, c The experimental strain-stress curves (n = 3) of the CS and TMS, respectively. d Enlarged strain-stress-force curves demonstrate a clear two-stage pattern of TMS with different moduli (E). The modulus is presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). Load–unload behaviors: e CS shows strong hysteresis when compressed to a strain of 0.75, 1.5, 2.25 and 3.75%, respectively. f TMS holds complete resilience with a maximum compressive strain of 1.5%. g Digital image correlation (DIC) calculated max principal of nominal strain (NE) and simulated von-mise stress of TMS compression. h–j The simulated strain-stress curves with changing design parameters: (h) lg, (i) dp and (j) ls. The red lines represent CS when lg = 0. The pink lines represent CS2 when dp = 0. Blue lines represent TMS. k, l hysteresis loops shift along the strain axis: (k) CS, and (l) TMS. m, n Calculation of fatigue ratcheting and fatigue damage strains.

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