Fig. 3: Finite element modeling and mass transfer simulation of the photoisomerized MOFs.

a Diagram of the theoretical open/closed conformational transition of PSZ-70 and PSZ-60. b Simulation of the structure of the composite material in COMSOL software in the open and closed states of the photoswitch ((i) Construction of axisymmetric model; (ii) the two-dimensional geometric model of the pore structure when the photoswitch is under the open-state; (iii) the two-dimensional geometric model of the pore structure when the photoswitch is under the closed-state). c Illustration of the swimming behavior of ions in photoisomeric composites driven by an electric field (with K+ and Cl− as examples). d Heatmap of the concentration flux of K+ in the experimentally simulated system in the photoswitch open state.