Fig. 4: Atypical neural dynamics underlie impaired behavioral regulation in children ADHD.

a Top: inhibitory control pattern (ICP) index of the salience and frontoparietal networks during Certain and Uncertain Go trials modulates trial-wise reaction time (RT) in TD children and children with ADHD (TFCE, p < 0.05, corrected). Bottom: TD children showed significant relationships between trial-wise RT fluctuations across trial types and ICP of the preSMA, rAI, and rPPC during Uncertain Go, all four ROIs during Certain Go, and when both Certain and Uncertain Go trials were considered (all ps < 0.05, single-tailed one sample t tests with FDR correction, N = 35). Children with ADHD showed a significant relationship between trial-wise RT and ICP in the preSMA during Certain Go trials (p = 0.002, single-tailed one-sample t tests with FDR correction, N = 26). TD children exhibited a significantly stronger association between trial-wise RT and the ICP in the preSMA (p = 0.022), rAI (p = 0.011); rdlPFC (p = 0.034), and rPPC (p = 0.034) during both Uncertain and Certain Go trials, in the rAI (p = 0.021) and preSMA (p = 0.021) during Uncertain trials, and in the rdlPFC (p = 0.049) in the Certain Go trials than children with ADHD (single-tailed two-sample t tests with FDR correction, N(TD) = 35, N(ADHD) = 26). b TD children demonstrated significantly greater association between ICP index of regions from the SN and FPN and trial-wise RT than children with ADHD (TFCE, p < 0.05, corrected). c Data from an exemplary participant illustrated a positive association between ICP of the preSMA and RT. preSMA presupplementary motor area. Notes: data are presented as mean ± SEM. Error bars represent ±1 SEM. Each dot corresponds to an individual subject. TD typically developing, ADHD attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ICP inhibitory control pattern, rAI right anterior insula, preSMA presupplementary motor cortex, rdlPFC right dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex, rPPC right posterior parietal cortex. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Source data are provided in the Source Data file.