Fig. 3: Volcano plot of associations between cardiovascular health score and 2915 proteins among participants with type 2 diabetes.

The x-axis shows the correlation coefficient (β) of cardiovascular health score with protein, and the y-axis represents its statistical significance (-log₁₀ p-values). The two-sided p-values of less than 0.05/2915 were considered significant. Multiple linear regression model was adjusted for age (continuous, years), sex (male, female), ethnicity (white, others), Townsend Deprivation Index (continuous), educational attainment (high, intermediate, low), employment status (employed, unemployed), household income (<₤18 000, ₤18 000-£30 999, ₤31 000-£51 999, ₤52 000-£100 000, > ₤100 000), alcohol consumption (yes, no), diabetes duration (continuous, years), and use of diabetes medication (none, oral hypoglycemic drugs only, insulin therapy and others). LEP leptin, FABP4 fatty acid-binding protein, adipocyte, IL1RN interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein, FURIN furin, FGF21 fibroblast growth factor 21, PLA2G10 group 10 secretory phospholipase A2, SLITRK1 SLIT and NTRK-like protein 1, PON3 serum paraoxonase/lactonase 3, NCAN neurocan core protein, WFIKKN2 WAP, Kazal, immunoglobulin, Kunitz and NTR domain-containing protein 2. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.