Fig. 4: The estimated mediation proportions of proteins on the associations of cardiovascular health score with adverse health conditions among participants with type 2 diabetes^†.

The bars represent the estimated mediation proportion of protein on the association of cardiovascular health score with corresponding adverse outcomes. Mediation analyses were adjusted for age (continuous, years), sex (male, female), ethnicity (white, others), Townsend Deprivation Index (continuous), educational attainment (high, intermediate, low), employment status (employed, unemployed), household income (<₤18 000, ₤18 000-£30 999, ₤31 000-£51 999, ₤52 000-£100 000, >₤100 000), alcohol consumption (yes, no), diabetes duration (continuous, years), and use of diabetes medication (none, oral hypoglycemic drugs only, insulin therapy and others). The false discovery rate (FDR) method was applied to adjust two-sided p-values. *0.01 ≤ FDR adjusted p-value < 0.05; **0.001 ≤ FDR adjusted p-value < 0.01; ***FDR adjusted p-value < 0.001; ^† The figure shows estimated mediation proportions of 19 proteins mediating at least three associations between cardiovascular health score and adverse health conditions. DKD diabetic kidney disease, CVD cardiovascular disease, PAD peripheral artery disease, IHD ischemic heart disease, IS ischemic stroke, HF heart failure, MACE major adverse cardiovascular events, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Mortality all-cause mortality. UMOD uromodulin, ACVRL1 serine/threonine-protein kinase receptor R3, HAVCR1 hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1, VWC2 brorin, ADM pro-adrenomedullin, CD59 CD59 glycoprotein, CD74 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen gamma chain, LTBP3 latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 3, TNFRSF10B tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10B, ANGPTL4 angiopoietin-related protein 4, CALB2 calretinin, CD99L2 CD99 antigen-like protein 2, CXCL17 C-X-C motif chemokine 17, FABP4 fatty acid-binding protein, adipocyte, CCDC80 coiled-coil domain-containing protein 80, CTHRC1 collagen triple helix repeat-containing protein 1, CTSZ cathepsin Z, HIP1R huntingtin-interacting protein 1-related protein, MATN2 matrilin-2. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.