Fig. 2: Temporal Evolution of PGQ Area and Affected Population.

a Temporal evolution of the PGQ area ratio from 1980 to 2100; b Ratio of the population affected by PGQ over the same period. Future projections (2025–2100) are evaluated under four scenarios (‘Scenario settings’ in “Methods”). Here, regions with a PGQ probability exceeding 0.5 are classified as PGQ-affected areas.