Fig. 2: Acoustic simulation estimates of the acoustic pressure distribution and temperature changes in the GPi-DBS patients. | Nature Communications

Fig. 2: Acoustic simulation estimates of the acoustic pressure distribution and temperature changes in the GPi-DBS patients.

From: Individualized non-invasive deep brain stimulation of the basal ganglia using transcranial ultrasound stimulation

Fig. 2

A Spatial intensity distribution for patient S10, with red indicating the highest intensity and blue the lowest. The ultrasound beam’s focal point was located within the GPi. B Estimated temperature rise in different brain tissues for the same patient S10, with the highest temperature rise observed at the skull due to absorption and heating effects from the ultrasound energy. In both simulations, the transducer was positioned externally at the top, with the skull’s outline and ultrasound waves shown penetrating through to the target area. C–H Comparative analysis of simulated ultrasound parameters for two sonication protocols, theta burst transcranial ultrasound (tbTUS) and 10 Hz TUS. C Estimated temperature in the skin, skull, and brain for both protocols (n = 20 hemispheres). D Transducer adjustments in subject space along the x, y, and z axes in mm to compensate for ultrasound beam deviations based on BabelBrain simulation results (n = 20 hemispheres). E Sonication depth based on BabelBrain simulation results compared to the unadjusted distance from the transducer to the target location (n = 20 hemispheres). F–H In situ intensity values of Spatial Peak Temporal Average (ISPTA), Spatial Peak Pulse Average (ISPPA), and Mechanical Index (MI) for both protocols. Note that 10 Hz TUS results in higher ISPTA values than tbTUS (n = 20 hemispheres). Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. I Pressure maps derived from ultrasound modeling superimposed on the MRI image of patient S04, highlighting the targeting of the DBS lead within the left GPi. J Postoperative CT imaging fused with preoperative MRI, featuring automatically segmented 3D visualizations of the GPe (turquoise), GPi (orange), internal capsule (red), thalamus (navy blue), and the DBS lead. These elements are superimposed onto the simulated acoustic focus (yellow) using BrainLab software. K The in-line view of the DBS lead artifact for the same patient (S04), along with the simulated acoustic focus (with the epicenter outlined in red, orange, and yellow), is shown. The lower part of (K) illustrates the size and location of the acoustic focus in comparison to other structures, including the GPe, GPi, internal capsule, and thalamus.

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