Fig. 5: Percent power change from baseline in distinct frequency bands following TUS of GPi.

This figure displays the changes in spectral power within different frequency bands (θ theta [4–7 Hz], α alpha [8–12 Hz], and β beta [13–30 Hz]) from baseline after transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS), measured at T0, T10, T25, and T40 minutes post-intervention (n = 18 hemispheres). The error bars represent the standard error of the mean. The panels depict comparisons between TUS and sham conditions: A shows tbTUS - Passive Sham with significant increase in θ power at T0 (p = 0.009, Wilcoxon signed-rank test) and β power at T25 (p = 0.04, paired t-test), as well as a non-significant trend (denoted by #) towards increase in β power at T40 (p = 0.07, paired t-test). B illustrates tbTUS - Active Sham with significant increase in θ power at T0 (p = 0.03, paired t-test); C represents 10 Hz TUS - Passive Sham, indicating significant increase in β power at T0, T10, T25, and T40 (p = 0.004, p = 0.002, p = 0.0003, and p = 0.03 respectively, paired t-test), as well as in θ power at T40 (p = 0.03, paired t-test) and D displays 10 Hz TUS - Active Sham with significant increase in β power at T10, and T25 (p = 0.01, and p = 0.003 respectively, paired t-test), as well with non-significant increase in β at T0 and T40 post-TUS (p = 0.09, and p = 0.06 respectively, paired t-test). Asterisks denote levels of statistical significance (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001), and hash signs (#) indicate statistical trends (non-significant changes in the range of 0.05 <p < 0.1)). In each frequency band, p-values were adjusted by Benjamini-Hochberg procedure to control FDR. All statistical tests were two-sided.