Fig. 2: Working mechanism and performance of SLMPM.

a Working mechanism of SLMPM. b Geometry of OTMPM unit cell. c Simulated and measured reflection amplitude and phase of OTMPM. d Frequency responses of PVM with and without connecting the signal amplifying circuit. e Recovered reflection phase and amplitude waveforms at different sunlight illumination intensities. f Theoretically calculated and measured normalized reflection amplitude of the −1^st harmonic (f_c1 − f₀ = 4.5999 GHz) versus different duty cycles at different sunlight illumination intensities. g Theoretically calculated and measured reflection phase of the −1^st harmonic (f_c1 − f₀ = 4.5999 GHz) versus different duty cycles at different sunlight illumination intensities. h, Harvested energy measured at different sunlight illumination intensities. SAC signal amplifying circuit, TIA transimpedance amplifier, VSA voltage signal amplifier, COMP comparator, FC filtering circuit, EMS energy managing system, SCMC solar charging management circuit, VBC voltage boost circuit, PET polyethylene terephthalate, PC polycarbonate.