Fig. 4: Theoretical and experimental insight into the reaction mechanism.

a The adsorption energy of acetylene and ethylene on Cu(111) and Cu0-Cuδ+ sites. b QCM mass response over O-Cu NPs and Cu NPs catalysts in 1 M KOH electrolyte before and after the addition of MBE. c QCM mass response over O-Cu NPs and Cu NPs catalysts in 1 M KOH electrolyte after the addition of MBY or MBE. d The free-energy diagram for electrocatalytic hydrogenation of acetylene to ethylene on Cu0 site in Cu(111). e The free-energy diagram for electrocatalytic hydrogenation of acetylene to ethane on Cu0-Cuδ+ sites in O-Cu(111). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.