Fig. 5: Tissue adaptability of the electronic vascular conduit.

a End-to-end anastomosis for suturing of the electronic vascular conduit to the rabbit carotid artery. b Color Doppler ultrasound image of the electronic vascular conduit showing the continuity of blood flow. c H&E staining of cross-sections of different grafts after a 3-month repair period. Inset: optical images of the grafts. d Immunofluorescence staining of CD31⁺ and α-SMA⁺ cells in cross-sections of the graft showing a complete endothelial cell layer. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). e Quantification of the nuclear area in the intimal and medial subsections of the grafts. Data are presented as mean values ± SD, n = 30 cells from 4 independent experiments, two-tailed Student′s t-test. f, g Quantification of the CD31⁺ neointimal thickness and coverage rate. The values in f and g represent the mean values ± SD, n = 4 independent experiments, two-tailed Student′s t-test. h SEM images of the lumen surface of the grafts. The experiments were repeated independently four times with similar results, and a representative result is shown. NVs native vessels; VGs: vascular grafts; EVCs: electronic vascular conduits. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.